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Hernn Corts requested Franciscan and Dominican friars be sent to New Spain immediately after the conquest of Tenochtitlan to begin evangelization. Spanish Colonies | United States History I In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. 37 Questions Show answers. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. Silver was the bonanza the Spaniards sought. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. Question 1. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. Chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. Terraciano, Kevin. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. A central plaza had the most important buildings on the four sides, especially buildings for royal officials and the main church. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. Select the correct answer. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." answer choices. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca.