Allergy Immunol. Rep. 7:2860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03066-4, Gonalves, H., Amorim-Costa, C., Ayres-de-Campos, D., and Bernardes, J. 28, 16641668. J. Physiol. Med. Beyond the headlines: fetal movement awareness is an important stillbirth prevention strategy. Pasupathy D, Wood AM, Pell JP, Fleming M, Smith GC. Gynecol. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21139, Facco, F. L., Kramer, J., Ho, K. H., Zee, P. C., and Grobman, W. A. Effects of antenatal betamethasone administration on fetal heart rate and behavior in twin pregnancy. Magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent. Sleep disorders during pregnancy. However, the long-term impact is currently under investigation. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.005, Conradt, E., Flannery, T., Aschner, J. L., Annett, R. D., Croen, L. A., Duarte, C. S., et al. Bennet L, Westgate JA, Liu YC, Wassink G, Gunn AJ. J. Dev. The matches collected between the placental and fetal gut and lung microbiomes seem to be associated with neonatal airway complications and enterocolitis (Al Alam et al., 2020; Parris et al., 2021), possibly affecting the ANS-mediated control mechanisms of these systems. Am. Impact of chronic fetal hypoxia and inflammation on cardiac pacemaker cell development. [Low back pain during pregnancy. doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000130476.97700.2B, Mulkey, S. B., and du Plessis, A. Cell. Scand. Front. Am. Natl. 8, 743754. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate distinct aspects of cortical - PNAS Lancet Lond. Fetal heart rate variability is suppressed by factors that depress fetal brain function. Psychol. Baan J Jr, Boekkooi PF, Teitel DF, Rudolph AM. The first stage may take about 12 hours to complete and is divided into three phases: latent, active, and transition. Dev. Heliyon 5:e01300. As the ANS is controlled by several brain areas (e.g., amygdala, hypothalamus, insula, cingulate cortex, and several brainstem nuclei) that constitute the central autonomic network (CAN), paying attention to their development is fundamental for studying the fetal ANS. (2017). Rev. From 12 to 13 WGA, fHRV-FMs coupling becomes heavily affected by external factors: therefore, its analysis could shed more light on how the fetus is affected by maternal and environmental factors (DiPietro et al., 2015). J. Obstet. Since the placental microbiome could also affect metabolic pathways, thus leading to a pro-inflammatory environment (Gomez-Arango et al., 2017; Fischer et al., 2019), it could also affect the ANS and vagus development of the fetus. doi: 10.7363/040237, Busnel, M., Granier-Deferre, C., and Lecanuet, J. Gynecol. Full-time exposure to occupational noise during pregnancy was associated with reduced birth weight in a nationwide cohort study of Swedish women. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3441806, Bernardes, J., Gonalves, H., Ayres-de-Campos, D., and Rocha, A. P. (2008). Since yawning has been related to thermoregulatory behaviors and the ability of switching between arousal and rest states, both of which are strictly dependent on ANS functionality, the detection of yawning at this early age could represent a useful indicator of ANS development or, as suggested, brainstem functionality (Walusinski, 2006, 2010, 2014; Gallup and Eldakar, 2013). Appearance and transient expression of oxytocin receptors in fetal, infant, and peripubertal rat brain studied by autoradiography and electrophysiology. 37, 668672. (2020). Cell Dev. Baroreceptor An infant was delivered via cesarean. Heart rate variability in the perinatal period: a critical and conceptual review. General movements analysis can differentiate specific movement patterns, concerning a specific part of the fetal body, from non-specific movement patterns, involving more than one body segment (de Vries et al., 1982, 1985). Health Perspect. Reprod. A. Fetal Diagn. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014, Thome, J., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., McKinnon, M. C., Thberge, J., Nicholson, A. Gynecol. Front. N. Y. Acad. Can. Labor is divided into three stages. To simulate decreased uteroplacental oxygen delivery, they applied repeated occlusions to the maternal hypogastric artery12. Sleep 27, 14051417. Burgio, E. (2015). Cerebral modulation of the autonomic nervous system in term infants. In some cases, the healthcare providers recommend around 28 WGA the count to 10 method: the mother counts the number of FMs every day, at the same hour, verifying that they occur not <10 times in a 23-h period (Bryant et al., 2020). 74, 174184. Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring. All authors reviewed, edited and approved the final version of the paper. Neonates affected by in utero exposure to SSRIs display fewer HRV rhythms and changes in behavioral states, based on the time drugs were administered (Zeskind and Stephens, 2004). 662, 118134. The final exciting element in the mix is the exceptional advance in Machine Learning. Schlatterer, S. D., Govindan, R. B., Barnett, S. D., Al-Shargabi, T., Reich, D. A., Iyer, S., et al. Hypotension and uterine hypertonia, for instance, can create significant imbalances in the fHRV during epidural analgesia in labor (Lavin, 1982). Clin. The heart itself contributes to variability. Front. A., Parisi, V. M., and Creasy, R. K. (1989). Prenat. Electromagnetic fields produced by incubators influence heart rate variability in newborns. Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Low JA, Victory R, Derrick EJ. (2009). doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4. Ingemarsson, I., and Lamont, R. F. (2003). 115, 3845. The fetal responsiveness recorded via fHRV patterns after VAS stimulation (Abrams and Gerhardt, 2000) is refined as the pregnancy proceeds, being a useful parameter to evaluate the maturation of ANS and vagus nerve (Buss et al., 2009). Therefore, dysregulation of sympathetic control . The placental microbiome varies in association with low birth weight in full-term neonates. Obstet. Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to light Stimulation s a clinical measure of fetal well-being. 20, 5668. FETAL HOMEOSTASIS - ScienceDirect doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31811ebef6, Grandjean, P., Murata, K., Budtz-Jrgensen, E., and Weihe, P. (2004). doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/9/1436, Lu-Culligan, A., and Iwasaki, A. The following text describes the principal physiological pathways that control heart rate and influence heart rate variability. doi: 10.1017/S2040174420000653, Chung, W. C. J., and Auger, A. P. (2013). J. Womens Health 10, 153164. Moreover, excessive light can impair visual development, thus increasing SNS and HPA axis activation (Weber and Harrison, 2019). doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(86)90187-8, Shuffrey, L. C., Myers, M. M., Odendaal, H. J., Elliott, A. J., du Plessis, C., Groenewald, C., et al. Improving pregnancy outcomes in humans through studies in sheep. (2018). (2007). Drugs including theophylline, caffeine, and methylxanthine, used to support respiratory functions have the potential of altering sleep quality and induce drowsiness. Therefore, every possible procedure aimed to protect babies from harmful noises or to introduce positive sounds including the human voice, especially maternal voice (even recorded), and songs, can result in important neuroprotective effects (McMahon et al., 2012; Weber and Harrison, 2019). Moreover, it has been observed a correlation between placenta dysbiosis and preterm birth (Aagaard et al., 2014; Antony et al., 2015; Bassols et al., 2016; Prince et al., 2016; Pelzer et al., 2017; Fischer et al., 2019). (1992). A prominent CNS response to fetal chemoreceptor stimulation is increased sympathetic activity, inducing peripheral vasoconstriction and favoring preferential blood flow to vital organs. 12, 170177. These situations increase the risk of impairment of fetal brain development resulting in emotional, behavioral, and/or cognitive problems in later life (Glover, 2015; Antonelli et al., 2021). Med. Variations are also observed for SDNN, SDNN/RMSSD, LFn, and HFn (Zizzo et al., 2020). J. R. Soc. 18, 459464. Heart rate variability in hypertensive pregnancy disorders: a systematic review. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2007.04.008, de Vries, J. I. P., Visser, G. H. A., and Prechtl, H. F. R. (1982). Neural crest cells contribute an astrocyte-like glial population to the spleen. One of such responses, able to perform homeokinetic adjustments, is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). In adult cardiology, ECG changes are very helpful to diagnose myocardial infarction because there is a direct relationship, precisely defined by anatomy and electromagnetic physics, linking the presence of Q waves in the 12-lead ECG to the location of injured myocardium. Occup. MF has patents on aECG (WO2018160890A1) and EEG technologies for fetal monitoring (US9215999). doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.445, DiPietro, J. doi: 10.5665/sleep.1616, Yurdakk, K. (2012). Birth, as the transition from fetal to neonatal physiology, is a major challenge for the fetus and requires an ANS able to efficiently adapt the cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, and metabolic (e.g., glycemic regulation) systems to the new environment. Moreover, sOT infusion may decrease spontaneous oxytocin release (Jonas et al., 2009), elevating days after birth fetal plasmatic oxytocin concentration, not dampening the HPA axis response, and increasing the CAN system control activity (Yee et al., 2016). J. Obstet. Rep. 7:45645. doi: 10.1038/srep45645, Bassols, J., Serino, M., Carreras-Badosa, G., Burcelin, R., Blasco-Baque, V., Lopez-Bermejo, A., et al. Physiol. 111, 201231. (2017). This experiment also demonstrated that adequate time between cord compressions reperfusion time was essential to maintain normal acid base status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 8793. Birt. Many pathologies, even pre-existing before conception, may induce an acute exacerbation of the chronic pain during the pregnancy, including rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and vulvodynia, tuberous sclerosis, and irritable bowel syndrome (Ray-Griffith et al., 2018). Off. Reprod. Gender does not affect fetal heart rate variation. Gynecol. 2018 Feb 1. Fetal cardiovascular decompensation during labor predicted from the individual heart rate tracing: a machine learning approach in near-term fetal sheep model. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa5fca, Hutchins, E. J., Kunttas, E., Piacentino, M. L., Howard, A. G. A., Bronner, M. E., and Uribe, R. A. Reflex control of immunity. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. 1992 Aug;167(2):519-23. 80, 777784. 1032, 6384. Figure 6: Superimposed decelerations from uterine artery compression (in blue) and cord compression (in red). doi: 10.1038/jp.2017.59, Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J.-Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., and Mor, G. (2015). doi: 10.1017/S095457942000142X, Hoyer, D., Kowalski, E.-M., Schmidt, A., Tetschke, F., Nowack, S., Rudolph, A., et al. 3, 127139. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Am. Caton Alissa, R., Bell Erin, M., Druschel Charlotte, M., Werler Martha, M., Lin Angela, E., Browne Marilyn, L., et al. 48, 829842. Summary of the finding of the present review regarding ANS development and HRV. (2008). Blood pressure and heart rate variability in preschool children exposed to smokeless tobacco in fetal life. Nutrition during pregnancy, lactation and early childhood and its implications for maternal and long-term child health: the early nutrition project recommendations. Selye, H. (1950). J. Clin. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.039, Handal, A. J., Harlow, S. D., Breilh, J., and Lozoff, B. Indeed, at 32 WGA the cerebral cortex resembles the adult one and, in the next week, synchronicity between the hemispheres develops, as well as complex connections among several brain areas and networks (Moore et al., 2016; Borsani et al., 2019).
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